Researchers at Roskilde University in Denmark identified a universal formula relating the flapping frequency of flying and swimming animals to their mass and wing area. The formula, ( f propto sqrt{m/A} ), was tested on diverse species, including insects, birds, bats, and even a robotic bird, showing a near-perfect fit. Starting from Newton’s second law, the team derived the formula theoretically and confirmed it with empirical data. They found it applies to both flying and certain swimming animals, though modifications are needed for creatures like fish with swim bladders.
Scientists Discover Universal Formula for Flapping Frequency in Animals
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