The Islamic State-Khorasan (IS-K) emerged in June 2015, prompting conflict with the Taliban in Afghanistan. Initially an insurgency, IS-K clashed with the Taliban over recruitment. The Taliban insisted on sole leadership in Afghanistan’s Islamic struggle, leading to tensions. Mullah Akhtar Mansour, later Taliban leader, demanded IS-K cease recruitment. The rivalry escalated, marked by Mansour’s death in a 2016 U.S. airstrike. IS-K’s recent attack on Russia reflects its broader agenda. Additionally, IS-K harbors grievances against Iran. Understanding IS-K’s complex history and conflicts sheds light on its current actions and relationships in the volatile region.